Resident and fellow education feature bladder injury: types, mechanisms, and diagnostic imaging.
Radiographics. 2014 May-Jun;34(3):802-3. doi: 10.1148/rg.343140022.
Gross JS1, Rotenberg S, Horrow MM.
Bladder perforations may be divided into two groups according to whether they are traumatic or spontaneous in origin. The majority of bladder injuries are due to trauma; these may be further subcategorized according to whether the trauma was blunt, penetrating, or iatrogenic. Blunt and penetrating trauma to the bladder are usually seen in cases of pelvic fracture or gunshot wound to the pelvis. Iatrogenic causes of injury include pelvic surgery, suprapubic or urethral placement of a Foley catheter (especially a long-term indwelling catheter), bladder biopsy, and ureteral stent manipulation. Spontaneous bladder rupture may occur in the setting of a urinary tract infection, urinary retention, vaginal delivery, alcoholism, bladder calculi, or previous radiation therapy.